up:: 0x51 MOC Dissertação Mestrado
26/02/26
Sobre automação (Automation, F. Pollock, 1957):
Significado de “automação”:
“By ‘automation’ we understand the use of certain methods of automatically producing and preparing goods; of producing information; and of making calculations (e.g. book-keeping) — methods which are characteristic of our present stage of technical development.” (Pollock, 1957, p. 5)
(
“The aims and methods of automation may be provisionally defined as a technique of production the object of which is to replace men by machines in operating and directing machines[,] as well as in controlling the output of the products that are being manufactured. If this aspect of automation is complete[,] the product is not touched by human hands from the beginning to the end of its manufacture. Automation may be applied to part of the process of manufacture or to the entire process of turning raw materials into finished products.” (Pollock, 1957, p. 5, grifo meu)
Automação se trata sobre INTEGRAÇÃO DE PROCESSOS ISOLADOS (Pollock, op. cit.):
“The most important and fundamental principle of automation is the integration of formerly separate and unconnected processes of production into a single unified process, or, to use a technical expression, into ‘flow production’.” (Pollock, 1957, pp. 5–6)
(Hoje em dia se falaria de “pipelines”.)
“This is achieved by using exceedingly complicated & specialised machines which are guided by electrical controls.” (p. 6, grifo meu)
“Math theory of comm.” de Shannon é de 1948.:
“All this has been made possible by new machines and techniques — called ‘feed-back’, ‘computers’, ‘servo-mechanism’ and so forth — which have been evolved [sic.] in the last fifteen years [circa 1943 to 1958] largely by the practical application of the mathematical ‘theory of communication’ [Claude Shannon].” (p. 6)
Processo automatizado de funções automatizadas (Checar Marx):
- “Autômatos” se tratam da automatização de funções;
- “Automação” se trata da integração de autômatos num processo coeso e, ele próprio, também automatizado.
Tais funções são (ibid.)
-
🚜
🏭 mover materiais, -
🔒 liga/desliga máquinas,
-
🧭 controlar volume de prod.,
-
🕸️ “monitorar/supervisionar o processo todo” [IA deseja automatizar isso!!],
-
“Handling of non automatic machines and tools”
não é sua função padrão…?
Origem da mecanização = cálculos logarítmicos (Diff.-Engine) circa 1833+:
“Babbage’s Difference Engine, celebrated as the precursor of modern computers, was born out of a business ambition — to automate the calculations of logarithms and sell error-free logarithmic tables, which were crucial in astronomy and for maintaining British hegemony in maritime trade. Among other instigators, it was the problem of the longitudinal calculus in open sea that gave a special impetus to mech. computation.” (Pasquinelli, 2023, p. 52, grifo meu)
(mecanização DO TRABALHO MENTAL — cálculos)
A mecanização do trabalho mental busca automatizar trabalho DA CLASSE TRABALHADOR[A]:
“In this political climate, mental labour could therefore be automated because it was a task of the working class, and not one to be regarded as ‘thinking’ proper.” (Pasquinelli, 2023, p. 59, grifo meu)
—— mesmo hoje, c/ AI etc, vemos “ganhos de produtividade”, mas não vemos cargos superiores sendo substituídos! [Isso é verdade? O quanto é verdade?]
Babbage Principle (Div. Trab.
A Divisão do Trabalho não só permite entender melhor o funcionamento completo de um processo de trabalho, como dá maior clareza sobre O QUE precisa ser comprado, custos, tempo, etc — ou seja, a divisão do trabalho permite uma mensuração mais acertada do trabalho necessário em cada subfunção de um processo de produção.
Permite, portanto, uma melhor divisão do valor deste processo de produção.
“In more analytical terms, the Babbage principle posits that the abstract diagram of the division of labour helps to organize production while at the same time offering an instrument for measuring the value of labour. In this respect, the division of labour provides not only the design of machinery[,] but also of the business plan.” (Pasquinelli, 2023, p. 63)
Permite também p/ o trabalho “mental”!:
“…and we equally avoid the loss arising from the employment of an accomplished mathematician in performing the lowest processes of arithmetic.” (Babbage apud Pasquinelli, p. 64)
Cf. p. 65: uma “machine theory of value” — que é o que o princípio de Babbage representa, “um modelo p/ organizar mecanicamente e computar custos de trabalho e investimentos em capital” — junto c/ uma “labour theory of the machine” formam um “princípio tecnoeconômico” sob o qual div. trab.
26/02/26
Machinery Question (segundo Ricardo) ‘On Machinery’, Pr. Pol. Econ., 1821 ed.:
“…while it was true that new machinery would cheapen commodity prices, nonetheless the working class would not benefit from this, since wages would be reduced by the competition among workers which is caused by technological unemployment.” (Pasquinelli, 2023, p. 80) [e também p/
v. dos reprod. FT]
Citação de Maxine Berg (p. 80-1) sobre a discussão geral da Mach. Question é EXTREMAMENTE ATUAL no cenário que a IA causa disrupções no mkt. trab.
“The [machinery] question was central to everyday relations between master and workman, but it was also of major theoretical and ideological interest. The very technology at the basis of economy and society was a platform of challenge and struggle. The machine was debated at length in all sectors of society. It provoked the village cleric as much as it did the cosmopolitan intellectual; it concerned the politician as much as the workman and employer; the social reformer as much as scientist and inventor. These groups contended over the costs and benefits of the new technology. They hailed the release it provided from limits to growth, but disagreed over the impact it would have on wages, employment, and skill. They speculated on, and then either welcomed or dreaded, the changes the machine would bring to social relations. The origins and the ownership of machinery even came up for question. There was excitement and fear at this unknown force which swept relentlessly onward, casting the old society in its wake.” (Berg apud Pasquinelli, 2023, p. 80-1)
A máquina assumiu a representação das relações de classe, ou melhor, da luta de classes, entre os que eram explorados — “p/ ela” em part. — e os que usufruem de “seus” frutos privadamente.
Trabalho s/ conhecimento necessário é mera força bruta:
“In speaking of labour, we have always included in that term the quantity of knowledge requisite for its direction. Without this knowledge, it would be no more than brute force directed to no useful purpose. In whatever proportion knowledge is possessed, whether in whole or in part, by the productive labourer, or by him who directs his labour, it is necessary[,] in order to make his labour productive[,] that some person should possess it.” (Thompson apud Pasquinelli, p. 85, grifo meu)
— já dá indícios de que “o conhecimento se acumula no K e parece como força estranha ao Trab.”.
Ou seja, é o Pôr Teleológico o que torna uma atividade humana Trabalho (lato sensu)!
02/03/26
Maq.
A maquinaria (sua intro & implementação) aceleram a divisão do trabalho, e, dessa forma, “liberam trabalho”.
“machinery did not displace labour. Rather, it differentiated this labour by dismembering the old craft.” (Berg apud Pasquinelli, op. cit., p. 89, grifo meu)
sobre ciência ser restrita p/ suas cond. materiais:
“Science is not free in forming its abstractions; in this activity it is restricted by material preconditions, more precisely, by the specific tools at its disposal that provide cognition with abstractions which are capable of realization… The material tools of scientific labor define a scope of objective possibilities that represent the framework for developing scientific abstraction.” (Damerow; Lefèvre apud Pasquinelli, op. cit., p. 91, grifo meu)